Changes in body during pregnancy.

The woman’s body was magnificently designed and bestowed with the powerful ability to adapt to any change occurring in times of stress or infirmity. One such period of stress is pregnancy. This article aims to explain the normal body adaptations during pregnancy and how to effectively manage and alleviate the discomforts associated with pregnancy.

During the end of the first trimester, there is a gradual increase of about 30 to 50% in the total workload of the heart. It reaches its peak during the sixth month of pregnancy. As a consequence, the expectant mother becomes easily exhausted and sometimes feels short of breath. Palpitations are common and may be due to the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system on the first half of pregnancy, and an increased pressure of the uterus against the diaphragm during the second half of pregnancy.

Poor circulation results from the pressure of the gravid uterus on the blood vessels of the lower extremities. This can be prevented by raising the legs above the level of the hips during rest periods. Varicosities on the lower extremities are also common. Wearing elastic and support hose early in the morning upon waking up will promote blood flow; thus, prevent stasis of blood in the lower extremities. The application of elastic bandage from the foot to the trunk will help avoid congestion and impaired circulation in the distal part. Do not wrap the toes to determine if there is adequate circulation. Avoiding the use of constricting garters will also help address this problem.

Constipation and flatulence are common gastrointestinal discomforts during pregnancy. They may be due to the displacement of the stomach and intestines resulting to slower peristalsis and gastric emptying. Increase in fluid intake and roughage in the diet, establishing a regular time for bowel movement, and increasing exercise are some of the effective ways to manage constipation and flatulence. The use of stool softeners is also recommended. However, harsh laxatives should be avoided.

Hemorrhoids are another common complaint during pregnancy. These are due to the pressure exerted by the enlarged uterus on the intestines. Cold compress with witch hazel or Epsom salts or a hot sitz bath will help relieve the discomfort associated with hemorrhoids.

During the last trimester, heartburn is a common discomfort experienced by pregnant women. This is due to the increase in progesterone which is believed to decrease cardiac motility. As a result, the reversed peristaltic waves lead to the regurgitation of acidic stomach contents that cause the irritation. To manage this, it is recommended to take pats of butter before meals. Fried and fatty foods should also be avoided. Sips of milk at frequent intervals and small frequent meals are suggested. Antacids such as milk of magnesia may be taken, but never sodium bicarbonate, such as Alka Seltzer or baking soda, as these promote retention of fluids.

In attempts to change the center of gravity, pregnant women stand straighter and taller resulting in a lordotic position (often termed as the “pride of pregnancy”). The wobbly gait makes the pregnant women more prone to accidental falls. Thus, it is advisable to use low-heeled shoes and refrain from using the bath tub unless accompanied or non-skid materials are placed at the bottom of the tub or on the bathroom floor.

Leg cramps is another common complaint during pregnancy. This is caused by the pressure of the gravid uterus on the lower extremities, fatigue, and muscle tenseness. Frequent rest periods with feet elevated should be taken. The use of warm and comfortable clothing and an increase in calcium intake (through Calcium tabs and Calcium-rich foods in the diet) is highly recommended.